Biogarafi Candra Lestari-Biografi sang Guru inggris
Nama Lengkap : Candra Lestari
Nama Populer : Candra
Tanggal Lahir : 12 Maret 1975
Tempat Lahir : Wonogiri
Pekerjaan : Guru
Candra lestari lahir di Wonogiri, jawa tengah, 12 maret 1975 ia adalah seorang guru bahasa inggris di SMA N 1 SLOGOHIMO. Ia duduk dibangku SD pada tahun 1981, dan duduk dibangku SMP pada tahun 1987, Selanjutnya duduk dibangku SMA pada tahun 1990, hingga dia melanjutkan ke jenjang perguruan tinggi di UNS selama 4tahun hingga dia dapat gelar sarjana pada bidang pendidikan sastra.
Setelah itu dia mengikuti tes PNS dan akhirnya lolos hingga di bekarja sebagai guru bahasa inggris di SMA N 1 SLOGOHIMO sampai sekarang.
Rabu, 27 April 2011
Senin, 21 Maret 2011
memoris 2tahun silam
MEMORIS 2TAHUN SILAM
Kita lahir dibulan dan tanggal yang sama walau usia kita berbeda 1tahun…….
Kita dijodohkan sejak kecil oleh orang tua kita…..sampai sekarang kau masih menjaga cinta ku…..
Maaf sayang dibelakang mu aku ingkar…….sejatinya diri ku adalah play boy…..
Bagitu banyak wanita yang jatuh dalam pelukan ku…….
…….bangkai yang tersembunyi baunya masih akan tercium……..
Hingga terbongkar topeng yg menutupi diri ku oleh mu……
Air mata yang tiada hentinya……kau kecewa atas diri ku…
Amarah dari orang tua mu dan orang tua ku……
Ku terima denggan lapang dada krna ku sadar akan salahnya diri ku pada mu…..
Yang tak bisa menjaga mu…sebuah amanat yang diberikan ortu ku pada ku….
Aku seperti ini bukanya aku tak mencintai mu….krna nafsu lah yang membuat ku begini..
Sungguh beruntungnya diri ku mndapatkan kekasih seperti mu….
Wajah ayu yang menghiasi mu…
Lembut tutur sapa mu nada terindah dalam hidup ku…..
Maaf yang kau berikan pada ku membuat ku khilaf atas dosa-dosa yg ku lakukan pada mu……
Janji yg ku ucapkan didepan orang tua mu dan di depan mu…adalah ketulusan cinta ku pada mu……
Walau jarak memisahkan kita janganlah kau jenuh untuk menenti ku ……
Aku pergi untuk kembali lagi…tak kan ku ulang dosa-dasa ku yang dulu pada mu…..
Walau aku jauh di sebrang sayang….
Kita lahir dibulan dan tanggal yang sama walau usia kita berbeda 1tahun…….
Kita dijodohkan sejak kecil oleh orang tua kita…..sampai sekarang kau masih menjaga cinta ku…..
Maaf sayang dibelakang mu aku ingkar…….sejatinya diri ku adalah play boy…..
Bagitu banyak wanita yang jatuh dalam pelukan ku…….
…….bangkai yang tersembunyi baunya masih akan tercium……..
Hingga terbongkar topeng yg menutupi diri ku oleh mu……
Air mata yang tiada hentinya……kau kecewa atas diri ku…
Amarah dari orang tua mu dan orang tua ku……
Ku terima denggan lapang dada krna ku sadar akan salahnya diri ku pada mu…..
Yang tak bisa menjaga mu…sebuah amanat yang diberikan ortu ku pada ku….
Aku seperti ini bukanya aku tak mencintai mu….krna nafsu lah yang membuat ku begini..
Sungguh beruntungnya diri ku mndapatkan kekasih seperti mu….
Wajah ayu yang menghiasi mu…
Lembut tutur sapa mu nada terindah dalam hidup ku…..
Maaf yang kau berikan pada ku membuat ku khilaf atas dosa-dosa yg ku lakukan pada mu……
Janji yg ku ucapkan didepan orang tua mu dan di depan mu…adalah ketulusan cinta ku pada mu……
Walau jarak memisahkan kita janganlah kau jenuh untuk menenti ku ……
Aku pergi untuk kembali lagi…tak kan ku ulang dosa-dasa ku yang dulu pada mu…..
Walau aku jauh di sebrang sayang….
cinta terlarang
…Cinta Terlarang…
Coretan pena….
Mengukir puing-puing…..
Sejarah..
Sepasang merpati yang kandas…
Dinding pemisah….
Tak bisa ku runtuhkan…..
Aku termenung…
Bak tenggelamnya sang surya…
Yang ditelan kegelapan…
Maaf cinta ku….
Inilah akhir dari cerita cinta kita …..
Tiada restu dari orang tua mu…
karna kasta budaya kita tak sama…..
Coretan pena….
Mengukir puing-puing…..
Sejarah..
Sepasang merpati yang kandas…
Dinding pemisah….
Tak bisa ku runtuhkan…..
Aku termenung…
Bak tenggelamnya sang surya…
Yang ditelan kegelapan…
Maaf cinta ku….
Inilah akhir dari cerita cinta kita …..
Tiada restu dari orang tua mu…
karna kasta budaya kita tak sama…..
Rabu, 09 Maret 2011
gamelan jiwa
GAMELAN JIWA
Gamelan jiwa.....
Menabuh sunyi
Lewat getar pesona
Semesta diri
Gamelan jiwa.....
Sunyi dalam semedi
Lwat alun kinanthi
Lewat nada pekerti
Gamelan jiwa.....
Padang waktu ku
Memacu kuda
Kesabana hati mu
Gamelan jiwa.....
Menabuh sunyi
Lewat getar pesona
Semesta diri
Gamelan jiwa.....
Sunyi dalam semedi
Lwat alun kinanthi
Lewat nada pekerti
Gamelan jiwa.....
Padang waktu ku
Memacu kuda
Kesabana hati mu
Selasa, 01 Maret 2011
tugas b.inggris
Adverb clause
Adverbial Clause is a Clause (clause) which functions as an adverb, which describes a verb.
Adverbial Clause usually classified based on "the meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctive that preceded it).
The types of adverbial Clause include:
1. Clause of Time
Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as after, before, no sooner, while, axles, etc..
Example:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You begin May Pls (ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, she will from have left.
• No sooner she ENTERED Than Had he Gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
That show where clause. Usually made by using such conjunction Nowhere, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc..
Example:
• They sat down Wherever They Could find empty seats
• The guard Stood Nowhere he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there We find discontent and unrest.
• Go Nowhere you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause which shows the contradiction between the two incidents or events that are related. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc..
Example:
• As the time you were the resource persons sleeping, We Were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, We'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause which shows the cars how a job is done or event occurs. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) such as, how, like, in that, etc..
Example:
• He did as I toll uterus.
• You May finish it how you like.
• May They beat us again, like They did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause which shows the relationship intent / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc..
Example:
• They Went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She Bought a book so (that) Could she learn Bahasa
• He is saving his money so he he That May take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the Hope that I cans finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause which shows the relationship of cause and effect. There are several patterns to form this kind Clause. Take a good look.
Example:
• Ryan ran so fast That he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday That I Did not Want To swim.
• The Soup That Tastes so good will of everyone ask for more.
• The Student Had he behaved so badly That was dismissed from the class.
Example:
• The Smiths That Had so many children They formed Their own baseball team.
• i had job offers so Few That it wasn't Difficult to select one.
Example:
• He has invested so much money in the project That he can not abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water That it turned brown in the heat.
Example:
• It was a hot day Such That We decided to stay Indoors. OR It was so hot a day That We decided to stay Indoors.
• It was Such an interesting book That he couldn't put it down. OR It was so interesting a book That he couldn't put it down.
Example:
• She has Such exceptional Abilities That everyone is jealous of her.
• They are Such beautiful pictures Want That everybody will of one.
• Perry has Had Such bad luck That he's decided not to Gamble.
• This Is Such That Difficult homework I will of never finish it.
________________________________________
In addition, to reveal the relationship of cause and effect (cause and effect) can be used in other patterns, namely:
1. Using the Preposition (preposition) like Because of, due to, due to the fact that, etc.
Example:
• Because of the cold weather, We stayed home. (= We stayed home Because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, We stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact That the weather was cold, We stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the fact That the weather was cold)
2. Using conjunctions (conjunction) as Because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Example:
• Because he was sleepy, he Went to bed.
• Since he's not Interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she Had nothing in particular to do, she Called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders Could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Using transition words like therefore, consequently.
Example:
• Alex failed the test Because he Did not study.
• Alex Did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex Did not study. Consequently, he failed the test.
________________________________________
Note:
________________________________________
Some can be changed into an adverb Clause Modifying Phrases by:
1) Eliminate the subject of the dependent Clause and the verb (be).
Example:
a. Adverb clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. Modifying phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) If the Clause does not exist be an adverb, hilangkanlah change the subject and verb in the adverb Clause-ing it into shape.
Example:
a. Adverb clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. Modifying phrase: Before Leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Clause adverb can be converted into Modifying Phrase Clause if the subject of the adverb and the subject of playing the same Clause.
Example:
1. Can be changed
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep BECOME While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep BECOME While sitting in class, Ann Fell asleep.
• Since Mary Came to this country, she has made many friends BECOME Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. Can not be changed
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While We Were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause which shows the requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made by using conjunctions like if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case, provided (that), Providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing ( that), etc..
Example:
• If I see uterus, I will from uterus invite to the party tomorrow.
• She Would forgive her husband everything, if only he Would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have insurance to cover Enough Such a loss.
• In case a Robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be Notified at once.
• The company will from agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is Called off at once.
• We Should Be Able to do the job for you Quickly, provided (that) you give us all the Necessary information.
Adverbial Clause is a Clause (clause) which functions as an adverb, which describes a verb.
Adverbial Clause usually classified based on "the meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctive that preceded it).
The types of adverbial Clause include:
1. Clause of Time
Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as after, before, no sooner, while, axles, etc..
Example:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You begin May Pls (ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, she will from have left.
• No sooner she ENTERED Than Had he Gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
That show where clause. Usually made by using such conjunction Nowhere, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc..
Example:
• They sat down Wherever They Could find empty seats
• The guard Stood Nowhere he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there We find discontent and unrest.
• Go Nowhere you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause which shows the contradiction between the two incidents or events that are related. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc..
Example:
• As the time you were the resource persons sleeping, We Were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, We'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause which shows the cars how a job is done or event occurs. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) such as, how, like, in that, etc..
Example:
• He did as I toll uterus.
• You May finish it how you like.
• May They beat us again, like They did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause which shows the relationship intent / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc..
Example:
• They Went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She Bought a book so (that) Could she learn Bahasa
• He is saving his money so he he That May take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the Hope that I cans finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause which shows the relationship of cause and effect. There are several patterns to form this kind Clause. Take a good look.
Example:
• Ryan ran so fast That he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday That I Did not Want To swim.
• The Soup That Tastes so good will of everyone ask for more.
• The Student Had he behaved so badly That was dismissed from the class.
Example:
• The Smiths That Had so many children They formed Their own baseball team.
• i had job offers so Few That it wasn't Difficult to select one.
Example:
• He has invested so much money in the project That he can not abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water That it turned brown in the heat.
Example:
• It was a hot day Such That We decided to stay Indoors. OR It was so hot a day That We decided to stay Indoors.
• It was Such an interesting book That he couldn't put it down. OR It was so interesting a book That he couldn't put it down.
Example:
• She has Such exceptional Abilities That everyone is jealous of her.
• They are Such beautiful pictures Want That everybody will of one.
• Perry has Had Such bad luck That he's decided not to Gamble.
• This Is Such That Difficult homework I will of never finish it.
________________________________________
In addition, to reveal the relationship of cause and effect (cause and effect) can be used in other patterns, namely:
1. Using the Preposition (preposition) like Because of, due to, due to the fact that, etc.
Example:
• Because of the cold weather, We stayed home. (= We stayed home Because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, We stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact That the weather was cold, We stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the fact That the weather was cold)
2. Using conjunctions (conjunction) as Because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Example:
• Because he was sleepy, he Went to bed.
• Since he's not Interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she Had nothing in particular to do, she Called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders Could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Using transition words like therefore, consequently.
Example:
• Alex failed the test Because he Did not study.
• Alex Did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex Did not study. Consequently, he failed the test.
________________________________________
Note:
________________________________________
Some can be changed into an adverb Clause Modifying Phrases by:
1) Eliminate the subject of the dependent Clause and the verb (be).
Example:
a. Adverb clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. Modifying phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) If the Clause does not exist be an adverb, hilangkanlah change the subject and verb in the adverb Clause-ing it into shape.
Example:
a. Adverb clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. Modifying phrase: Before Leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Clause adverb can be converted into Modifying Phrase Clause if the subject of the adverb and the subject of playing the same Clause.
Example:
1. Can be changed
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep BECOME While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep BECOME While sitting in class, Ann Fell asleep.
• Since Mary Came to this country, she has made many friends BECOME Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. Can not be changed
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While We Were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause which shows the requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made by using conjunctions like if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case, provided (that), Providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing ( that), etc..
Example:
• If I see uterus, I will from uterus invite to the party tomorrow.
• She Would forgive her husband everything, if only he Would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have insurance to cover Enough Such a loss.
• In case a Robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be Notified at once.
• The company will from agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is Called off at once.
• We Should Be Able to do the job for you Quickly, provided (that) you give us all the Necessary information.
Minggu, 19 Desember 2010
Manusia dan Kebudayaan
MANUSIA DAN KEBUDAYAAN
Manusia dan kebudayan 2 hal yang ter kait satu sama lain.
A. Manusia
• Manusia didunia ini adalah peranan utama yang dapat diliihat dari segi apapun :
1. Dalam ilmu kimia manusia adalah sekumpulann partikel-partikel atom yang membentuk jaringan sistem.
2. Ilmu fisika manusia dalah maklhuk biologis golongan maklhuk mamalia ( Biologi )
3. Ilmu ekonomi manusia merupakan maklhuk yang ingin slalu memperoleh keuntungan dan memperhitungkan settiap kegiatan atau sering disebut homo economic
4. Ilmu sosiologi manusia adalah maklhuk social yang berdiri sendiri
5. Ilmu politik manusia yang slalu inning mempunyai kekuasaan
6. Ilmu filsafat manusia sering disebut maklhuk homo humanus dll
• Dua pandangan yang sering dijadikan acuan untuk menjelaskan tentang unsur-uunsur yang membangun manusia
1. 4 unsur yang sering terkait dengan manusia :
a. Jasad
b. Hayat
c. Ruh
d. Nafs
2. 3 unsur kepribadian manusia :
a. ID
b. EGO
c. Seper EGO
B. Hakekat manusia
a. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang terdiri dari tubuh dan jiwa
b. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang paling sempurna disbanding dengan yang lainya
1. Perasan manusia terbagi mnjadi 6 yaitu :
a. Perasaan intelektual
b. Perasaan estetis
c. Perasaan etis
d. Perasaan ijiri
e. Perasaan social
f. Perasaan religious
2. Maklhuk biokultural yaitu maklhuk hayati dan budayawi
3. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang terkait dengan lingkungan ( ekologi ) mempunyai kwalitas dan martabat karna kemampuan bekarja dan berkarya
C. Kepribadian bangsa timur
Menurut Francis L.KHus bahwa dalam jiwa manusia sebagai maklhuk social budaya
Mengandung 8 daerah yang seolah-olah seperti linkaran-lingkaran konsentris sekitar diri pribadi
D. Pengertian kebudayaan
Kebudayaan jika dikaji dari asal kaata bahasa sansekerta berasal dari kata budhayah yang berarti budi atau akal.
Pengertian kebudayaan menyangkut bermacam-macam definisi yang telah difikiirkan oleh
Sarjana-sarjana dibidang social budaya seluruh dunia :
• Melville J.Herkovits dan Brownislaw molinowski
Memandang kebudayan sebagai suatu superorganic, karena kebudayaan yang turun-temurun generasi ke generasi hidup terus
• E.B tylor (1871)
Kebudayaan adalah kompleks yang mencangkup pengetahuan,kepercayaan,moral,adat istiadat
• Selo sumarjan dan soelaeman soemardi
Merumuskan kebudayaan sebagai semua hasil karya ,rasa dan cipta masyarakat
• Sutan takdir alisyahbana
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi diri
• Koenijaraningrat
Kebudayaan gagasann dan karya manusia yang harus dibiasakan
• A.L krober dan C. kluckhon
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi atau penjelmaan kerja jiwa manusia
• C A van peursen
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi kehidupan setiap orang
• Krober dan klukhon
Kebudayaan terdiri atas berbagai pola bertingkah laku,pikiran,perasaan dll
E. Unsur kebudayaan
Kebudayaan setiap bangsa atau masyarakat terdiri dari unsure-unsur besar dan unsure-unsur Kecil yang merupakan bagian dari suatu kebulatanyang bersifat sebagai kesatuan
C. kluckhon didalam karyanya berjudul universal categories of culture mengemukakan ada 7 unsur kebudayaan universal :
1. Sistem religi (sistem kepercayaan)
2. Sistem organisasi kemasyarakatan
3. Sistem pengetahuan
4. Sistem mata pencarian hidup dan sistem-sistem ekonomi
5. Sistem teknologi
6. Bahasa
7. Kesenian
F. Wujud kebudayaan
Menurut dimensi wujudnya, kebudayaan mempunyai 3 wujud yaitu :
1. Kompleks gagasan,konsep,pikiran manusia
2. Kompleks aktivasi
3. Wujud sebagai benda
G. Orientasi nilai budaya
Kebudayaan sebagai karya manusia memiliki system nilai menurut C. kluckhon dalam
Karyanya variations inn value orientation (1961) system nilai budaya dalam semua kebudayaan didunia , secara universal menyangkut 5 masalah pokok kehidupan manusia.
1. Hakekat manusia ( MH)
2. Hakekat karya manusia (MK)
3. Hakekat waktu manusia (WM)
4. Hakekat alam manusia (MA)
5. Hakekat hubungan manusia (MN)
H. Perubahan kebudayaan
Tidak ada kebudayaan yang statis, semua kebudayaan mempunyai dinamika dan gerak,
Gerak manusia terjadi oleh karena mengadakan hubungan-hubungan dengan manusia lainya sehingga terjadi hubungan antar kelompok manusia didalam masyarakat.
• Terjadinya gerak atau perubahan disebabkan oleh :
1. Sebab-sebab yang berasal dari dalam masyarakat dan kebudayaan sendiri misalnya jumlah dan komposisi penduduk.
2. Sebab-sebab perubahan lingkungan alam dan fisik tempat mereka hidup.
I. Ikatan manusia dan kebudayaan
Hubungan manusia dan kebudayaan manusia sebagai perilaku kebudayaan, kebudayaan
Merupakan obyek yang dilaksanakan manusia dalam sosiologi manusia dan kebudayaan dinilai sebagai dwitunggal keduanya berbeda tapi keduanya merupakan satu kesatuan.
• Proses dialektis tercipta melalui 3 tahap
1. Ekternalisasi
2. Obyektivasi
3. internalisasi
Manusia dan kebudayan 2 hal yang ter kait satu sama lain.
A. Manusia
• Manusia didunia ini adalah peranan utama yang dapat diliihat dari segi apapun :
1. Dalam ilmu kimia manusia adalah sekumpulann partikel-partikel atom yang membentuk jaringan sistem.
2. Ilmu fisika manusia dalah maklhuk biologis golongan maklhuk mamalia ( Biologi )
3. Ilmu ekonomi manusia merupakan maklhuk yang ingin slalu memperoleh keuntungan dan memperhitungkan settiap kegiatan atau sering disebut homo economic
4. Ilmu sosiologi manusia adalah maklhuk social yang berdiri sendiri
5. Ilmu politik manusia yang slalu inning mempunyai kekuasaan
6. Ilmu filsafat manusia sering disebut maklhuk homo humanus dll
• Dua pandangan yang sering dijadikan acuan untuk menjelaskan tentang unsur-uunsur yang membangun manusia
1. 4 unsur yang sering terkait dengan manusia :
a. Jasad
b. Hayat
c. Ruh
d. Nafs
2. 3 unsur kepribadian manusia :
a. ID
b. EGO
c. Seper EGO
B. Hakekat manusia
a. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang terdiri dari tubuh dan jiwa
b. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang paling sempurna disbanding dengan yang lainya
1. Perasan manusia terbagi mnjadi 6 yaitu :
a. Perasaan intelektual
b. Perasaan estetis
c. Perasaan etis
d. Perasaan ijiri
e. Perasaan social
f. Perasaan religious
2. Maklhuk biokultural yaitu maklhuk hayati dan budayawi
3. Maklhuk ciptaan tuhan yang terkait dengan lingkungan ( ekologi ) mempunyai kwalitas dan martabat karna kemampuan bekarja dan berkarya
C. Kepribadian bangsa timur
Menurut Francis L.KHus bahwa dalam jiwa manusia sebagai maklhuk social budaya
Mengandung 8 daerah yang seolah-olah seperti linkaran-lingkaran konsentris sekitar diri pribadi
D. Pengertian kebudayaan
Kebudayaan jika dikaji dari asal kaata bahasa sansekerta berasal dari kata budhayah yang berarti budi atau akal.
Pengertian kebudayaan menyangkut bermacam-macam definisi yang telah difikiirkan oleh
Sarjana-sarjana dibidang social budaya seluruh dunia :
• Melville J.Herkovits dan Brownislaw molinowski
Memandang kebudayan sebagai suatu superorganic, karena kebudayaan yang turun-temurun generasi ke generasi hidup terus
• E.B tylor (1871)
Kebudayaan adalah kompleks yang mencangkup pengetahuan,kepercayaan,moral,adat istiadat
• Selo sumarjan dan soelaeman soemardi
Merumuskan kebudayaan sebagai semua hasil karya ,rasa dan cipta masyarakat
• Sutan takdir alisyahbana
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi diri
• Koenijaraningrat
Kebudayaan gagasann dan karya manusia yang harus dibiasakan
• A.L krober dan C. kluckhon
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi atau penjelmaan kerja jiwa manusia
• C A van peursen
Kebudayaan adalah manifestasi kehidupan setiap orang
• Krober dan klukhon
Kebudayaan terdiri atas berbagai pola bertingkah laku,pikiran,perasaan dll
E. Unsur kebudayaan
Kebudayaan setiap bangsa atau masyarakat terdiri dari unsure-unsur besar dan unsure-unsur Kecil yang merupakan bagian dari suatu kebulatanyang bersifat sebagai kesatuan
C. kluckhon didalam karyanya berjudul universal categories of culture mengemukakan ada 7 unsur kebudayaan universal :
1. Sistem religi (sistem kepercayaan)
2. Sistem organisasi kemasyarakatan
3. Sistem pengetahuan
4. Sistem mata pencarian hidup dan sistem-sistem ekonomi
5. Sistem teknologi
6. Bahasa
7. Kesenian
F. Wujud kebudayaan
Menurut dimensi wujudnya, kebudayaan mempunyai 3 wujud yaitu :
1. Kompleks gagasan,konsep,pikiran manusia
2. Kompleks aktivasi
3. Wujud sebagai benda
G. Orientasi nilai budaya
Kebudayaan sebagai karya manusia memiliki system nilai menurut C. kluckhon dalam
Karyanya variations inn value orientation (1961) system nilai budaya dalam semua kebudayaan didunia , secara universal menyangkut 5 masalah pokok kehidupan manusia.
1. Hakekat manusia ( MH)
2. Hakekat karya manusia (MK)
3. Hakekat waktu manusia (WM)
4. Hakekat alam manusia (MA)
5. Hakekat hubungan manusia (MN)
H. Perubahan kebudayaan
Tidak ada kebudayaan yang statis, semua kebudayaan mempunyai dinamika dan gerak,
Gerak manusia terjadi oleh karena mengadakan hubungan-hubungan dengan manusia lainya sehingga terjadi hubungan antar kelompok manusia didalam masyarakat.
• Terjadinya gerak atau perubahan disebabkan oleh :
1. Sebab-sebab yang berasal dari dalam masyarakat dan kebudayaan sendiri misalnya jumlah dan komposisi penduduk.
2. Sebab-sebab perubahan lingkungan alam dan fisik tempat mereka hidup.
I. Ikatan manusia dan kebudayaan
Hubungan manusia dan kebudayaan manusia sebagai perilaku kebudayaan, kebudayaan
Merupakan obyek yang dilaksanakan manusia dalam sosiologi manusia dan kebudayaan dinilai sebagai dwitunggal keduanya berbeda tapi keduanya merupakan satu kesatuan.
• Proses dialektis tercipta melalui 3 tahap
1. Ekternalisasi
2. Obyektivasi
3. internalisasi
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